Turkey

Capital City: Ankara

People: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Religion: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian
note: there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the European part of Turkey

Currency: New Turkish Lira

Electrical Voltage: 220 volts

How to get there:
By plane: Turkey's primary international gateway by air is Istanbul's Ataturk International Airport. Ankara's Esenboğa Airport handles a comparatively limited selection of international flights, and there are also direct charters to Mediterranean resort hot spots like Antalya in the peak summer and winter seasons.

By train: You can still travel from Europe to Turkey by train, although these days this is more of historical or perhaps even romantic interest than fast or practical.

By car: From Central Europe getting to Turkey is not too difficult. In any case you'll need your International Insurance Card (Green Card). Pay attention to "TR" not being canceled and be sure your insurance is valid for the Asian part of Turkey, too. Otherwise you will have to buy Turkish car insurance

By bus: From Bucharest there is a daily bus to Istanbul at 16.00 for 125 Lei. There is also a daily bus from Sofia, and from there you can get connections to the major cities of Europe. Another possibility is the bus from Athens in Greece via Thessaloniki. You may also find smaller bus companies offering connections to other countries in the Balkans.
There is a direct bus to Istanbul from Teheran in Iran which takes approx 48hrs.
From Aleppo in Syria a 3hr bus to Antakya costs S£150 - 250. From Antakya you can get connecting buses to almost anywhere in Turkey.

By boat: Many people arrive in Bodrum on one of the hydro-foils or ferries that run from most of the close Greek islands into the port. A fairly pretty way to arrive. While many of the lines that originate and terminate in Istanbul have recently been discontinued (due to bankruptcy), there are still summer departures direct to Eastern Italy.
Other main towns on the Aegean coast have ferry connections with the nearest Greek islands as well. Trabzon, a major city on the eastern Black Sea coast has a regular line from/to Sochi on the Russian Black Sea coast. Mersin, Taşucu, Anamur and Alanya on the Mediterranean coast has ferry links with either Famagusta (with Mersin) or Kyrenia (with others) in Northern Cyprus.

Weather: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
 
Travel Documentation and Custom Duty: http://www.tourismturkey.org/visa.htm

Getting Around:
 
Tourism Website: http://www.tourismturkey.org/index.htm

Medical Facilities:

Banks:

Emergency Numbers: